CANCERUL GASTRIC LOCAL AVANSAT SAU METASTAZAT – NOI SOLUÞII TERAPEUTICE

Gastric cancer first line treatment

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Considering the severity and the spread of this type of cancer, researchers have considered research as a priority to identify a more effective treatment.

In this short review it was presented the need for new treatment in advanced lung cancer identified by the unsatisfactory results obtained with chemotherapy, which reached a plateau in the first decade of the 3rd millennium. The understanding of molecular and immune mechanism in lung cancer allowed discovering target therapy and immunotherapy. At the moment, immunotherapy is represented by vaccines and checkpoint inhibitors.

Imunoterapia cancerului pulmonar

In this article there are described the main agents used in immunotherapy especially for non-small cell lung cancer: ipilimumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab. In the same time, there are presented the new immune agents which are waiting to be introduced into current therapy.

Din acest motiv, cercetătorii au considerat o prioritate cercetarea în domeniul diagnosticului şi tratamentului acestui tip de cancer.

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Gastric cancer first line treatment acest scurt review am prezentat necesitatea unui nou tratament în cancerul pulmonar, deoarece chimioterapia nu a dat rezultate satisfăcătoare, iar la începutul primului deceniu al mileniului al treilea a înregistrat un platou în ceea ce priveşte eficienţa.

Înţelegerea mecanismelor moleculare şi imunitare care stau la baza cancerului a permis descoperirea unor noi tratamente.

gastric cancer first line treatment

În etapa actuală, imunoterapia, de care se ocupă acest articol, este reprezentată de vaccinuri şi de inhibitorii punctelor de control.

Am descris principalii agenţi imunoterapeutici folosiţi actualmente în special în cancerul pulmonar fără celule mici nivolumab, pembrolizumab, ipilimumabprecum şi noii agenţi imunoterapeutici care aşteaptă să fie introduşi în terapia curentă.

New Agents in Gastric Cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC covers most of the cum să scapi de viermi umani of lung cancer and the disease is metastatic at the time of diagnosis for most patients National Cancer Institute, Despite an gastric cancer first line treatment in overall survival by platinum-based chemotherapy NSCLC Collaborative Group meta-analyses,the prognosis remains unsatisfactory for patients with advanced NSCLC, with a median survival of 8 to 12 months Schiller, ; Sandler, The development in the molecular characterization of NSCLC, especially in the histological subtypes of adenocarcinoma, has allowed the identification of key genetic aberrations in NSCLC, which can be addressed with molecular targeted therapy Pao, Despite the success of molecular diagnostics, acquired resistance and di­sease progression are inevitable Camidge, ; Hirsch, The treatment options for patients with small cell lung cancer SCLCwhen the disease progressed after platinum-based chemotherapy, are even more limited.

Immunotherapy in cancer has been described as any therapy that interacts with immunity. Immunothe­rapy in cancer can be classified into passive and active types.

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Examples of passive immunotherapy include the use of monoclonal antibodies such as trastuzumab or rituximab Slamon, ; Coiffier,and adoptive cell therapy, such as tumor infiltrating lymphocyte infusion, TCR Morgan, ; Maude, Examples of active immunotherapy include vaccination against cancer with tumor antigens and an adjuvant enhancement of immune cell function with cytokines, as well as targeting of immune control regulators with immune control inhibitor control.

Vaccines against cancer Therapeutically active vaccines in cancer are designed to eliminate cancer cells by increasing their own immune responses. This type of vaccine contrasts with prophylactic vaccines, which are usually administered to healthy people.

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Cancer vaccines can be classified into several major types, such as cellular vaccines, peptide vaccines and genetic vaccines Cuppens, ; Decoster, Cellular vaccines may be either autologous, or allogeneic. Autologous tumor cell vaccines are developed by isolating tumor cells from an individual patientcreating a vaccine that is administered back to the same patient, usually in combination with an adjuvant that stimulates the immune system.

These vaccines have been among the first types of cancer vaccines tested and have the advantage of provoking an immune response to a wide range of tumors. Although similar to autologous vaccines, allogeneic vaccines are obtained by administering tumor cells to a patient, creating a vaccine that is then administered to another patient with the same type of cancer.

Lung cell immunotherapy

Unlike cellular vaccines that are made directly from patient tumors, peptide vaccines are often synthesized in vitro to mimic tumor associated proteins in order to elicit an immune response against tumor cells expressing that protein.

Genetic vaccines are composed of DNA molecules or synthetic RNAs encoding tumor-associated proteins and are administered either alone, or packaged in a non-pathogenic virus. The genetic material is taken up by the recipient cells, translated into proteins encoded, processed and presented to the immune system to elicit the immune response against tumor-associated proteins. Early studies on Calmett bacillus vaccine in adjuvant and neoadjuvant were negative Bakker, ; Miller, ; Matthay, In the modern age, multiple-stage, locally advanced and advanced NSCLC advanced vaccine studies have been conducted.

The recombinant protein-associated anti-melanoma-antigen MAGE A3 vaccine has been extensively studied in adjuvant therapy gastric cancer first line treatment complete resection.

Gastric cancer recurrence rate

And survival without signs of disease was positively influenced by the MAGE-A3 vaccine compared to placebo after a median vierme giardia of 70 months HR: 0. Subsequently, for the total population in this study, median disease-free survival was In the subgroup that performed adjuvant chemotherapy, median disease-free survival was 58 months in the vaccine group and The results led to the initiation of two randomized trials.

The START trial showed that there was no significant gastric cancer first line treatment in the median overall survival between the teemotide arm and the placebo arms How­ever, following a pre-specified subgroup analysis, median overall survival was different between the vaccine arm and the placebo arm for patients receiving concomitant chemoradiation therapy The results were promising.

Belagenpumatucel-L is an allogeneic cell tumor vaccine derived from four cell lines. NSCLC cell lines with different histologies also express an antisense transgene for transforming beta2 growth factor that reduces the regulation of immunosuppressive transformation of beta2 growth factor.

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There was no significant difference in overall survival between the two arms There was a trend towards improved overall survival and a significant survival gastric cancer first line treatment for patients who had a good response to EGF antibodies.

In the safety population, overall survival was For patients who received at least four doses of vaccine, overall survival differed significantly between the vaccine group and the supportive treatment group Further­more, overall survival was longer This discovery has led to the development of a new generation of immunotherapy agents targeting these molecules.

The inhibitors of immune control points represent an important breakthrough in the treatment of cancer.

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Multiple studies have shown that control bridge inhibitors are very active in a variety of solid tumors including NSCLC. Other immunotherapeutic inhibitors in development include lymphocyte activation, 3 LAG3 genes and immunoglobulin receptor-like inhibitors such as killer cells, control-stimulating agents such as OX40, BB and GITR agonists Sundar, The activity of ipilimumab in advanced melanoma was clearly demonstrated in two large phase III studies Hodi, ; Robert,that led the FDA in to approve this drug in metastatic malignant melanoma.

Ipilimumab determines long-term sustained survival in responders with a significantly higher survival rate of 5 years for ipilimumab plus dacarbazine compared to placebo plus dacarbazine Ipilimumab in combination with chemotherapy has been studied in patients with advanced NSCLC who have gastric cancer first line treatment received previous treatment.

Aceste exemple pot conține termeni colocviali. Traducere "tratamentul de prima linie" în engleză Substantiv first line treatment Alte traduceri MabThera este indicată pentru tratamentul de primă linie al pacienţilor cu leucemia limfocitară cronică LLC în asociere cu chimioterapie. MabThera is indicated for first-line treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia CLL in combination with chemotherapy. OMS recomandă acum ca tratamentul de primă linie să se constituie dintr-o combinație care include efavirenz, Stocrin tenofovir Viread și 3TC lamivudine sau FTC emtricitabină.

In this phase II triple arm study, patients were randomly assigned to chemotherapy carboplatin plus paclitaxelsequential chemotherapy with ipilimumab or chemotherapy with concomitant ipilimumab. The primary endpoint of the study was overall survival and progression-free survival, which were 4.

Traducere "tratamentul de prima linie" în engleză

PD-1 inhibitors PD-1 inhibitors include agents such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab. Cytotoxicity is complement-dependent CDC Homet, Action may be important because cytotoxicity can cause an exhaustion of activated T cells and infiltrating lymphocytes into tumors.

PD-1 is expressed on effector T cells and other immune cells Chen, Nivolumab Nivolumab has been observed for the first time in early-stage studies to be active in melanoma Topalian, The results of the subsequent phase III studies confirmed the superiority of nivolumab as the standard of therapy, leading to its approval by the Food and Drug Administration FDA for the treatment of melanoma.

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Recently, the combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab has been approved as a first-line treatment for patients with advanced melanoma, regardless of the BRAF VE status Larkin, The answers were independent of PD-L1 Hussein, The second treatment line with nivolumab was superior to docetaxel in two subsequent phase III randomized phase in advanced NSCLC patients receiving double-blind platinum chemotherapy.

The objective response rate was lower for the nivolumab arm.

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Although the first line of platinum-based chemotherapy has activity, the disease progresses inevitably and the response rates in the second treatment line are low and not sustainable.

The activity and safety of nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in previously treated SCLCs was evaluated in CheckMate PD-L1 expression was not associated with responses. The agent has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced metastatic malignant melanoma, advanced stage NSCLC, both as a first-line treatment and in subsequent treatment lines in recurrent or metastatic head and neck carcinoma.

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The objective response rate was The progression-free survival was 3. The objective response gastric cancer first line treatment was similar regardless of dose, schedule and histology subtype. The response rate was higher among smokers than non-smokers.

Traducere "tratamentul de prima linie" în engleză Substantiv first line treatment Alte gastric cancer recurrence rate MabThera este indicată pentru tratamentul de primă linie al pacienţilor cu leucemia limfocitară cronică LLC în asociere cu chimioterapie. MabThera is indicated for first-line treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia CLL in combination with chemotherapy.

Treatment-related adverse events of any grade occurred in Overall survival was improved with both doses of pembrolizumab compared to docetaxel. PD-L1 inhibitors include atezolizumab, durvalumab and avelumab. Phase III studies confirming the activity of these agents in various solid tumors are ongoing.

Atezolizumab Atezolizumab was reported to be active in urothelial cancer in a phase I study Powele, and was subsequently approved by FDA for the treatment of advanced urothelial cancer.

Gastric cancer first line treatment

In a randomized phase II study Poplar in patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy, atezolizumab was associated with a higher overall survival HR: 0. The overall survival has not yet been achieved for patients receiving atezolizumab as a subsequent therapy Broderick, In a phase II trial of patients with advanced NSCLC who received at least two previous systemic therapy lines, the activity was extremely encouraging.

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The objective response rate and survival rate at one year increased according to PD-L1 expression: 7. The corresponding one-year survival rate was There was a trend towards greater activity in patients with PD-L1 positive Gulley, Among patients treated with avelumab at the first line, the objective response rate and disease control rates were Results of preclinical studies indicate that this combination can work synergistically to produce improved antitumor activity Curran, The combination of pilimumab and nivolumab in advanced melanoma resulted in improved antitumor activity compared to single agent therapy; however, toxicity was increased with combination therapy Larkin, Grigorescu Cancerul pulmonar — în special cel fără celule mici NSCLCdeoarece este mai frecvent — reprezintă o problemă majoră de sănătate, din cauza morta Grigorescu Această recenzie încearcă să analizeze câteva studii şi meta­analize ale inhibitorilor de tirozin-kinază TKI în combinaţie cu chimioterapia.